Understanding the Models of Addiction

Addiction is a complex and multifaceted issue that affects individuals from all walks of life. It is characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. 

To better understand addiction and develop effective treatment strategies, various models of addiction have been proposed, including:

• The disease model
• Biological and genetic factors
• Neurological influences
• Learning and conditioning
• Social factors
• Psychodynamic influences
• Moral perspectives
• The temperance model 

While this isn’t a comprehensive list, these are the most widely accepted models. Some models of addiction are used more often than others, though each has some element of validity to their approach. 

The purpose of using one or a combination of these models is to help us gain a deeper understanding of the addiction cycle and the factors that contribute to its development. Both of which guide treatment.

What Are Addiction Models?

Addiction models are theoretical frameworks that aim to explain the nature of addiction and guide treatment approaches. These models provide different perspectives on the underlying causes of addiction and offer insights into how it can be addressed. 

It is worth noting that many are founded in extensive knowledge about addiction, however, some, sadly, also stem from prejudice and (now) scientifically disproven beliefs. While there are numerous models of addiction, we will focus on some of the most prominent and widely recognized ones.

The Disease Model of Addiction

The disease model of addiction is one of the most well-known and widely accepted models. It views addiction as a chronic, relapsing brain disease that impairs healthy neurochemical and behavioral processes. 

According to this model, addiction is characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and use, even in the face of negative consequences. Individuals with addiction are believed to have a biological predisposition to the disease, which can be influenced by genetic factors. 

The disease model emphasizes the need for medical intervention, such as medications and behavioral therapies, to manage and treat addiction.

Biological and Genetic Factors

Biological and genetic factors play a significant role in addiction. Research has shown that certain individuals may have a genetic predisposition to addiction, making them more vulnerable to developing substance use disorders. 

Genetic variations can affect how the brain responds to drugs, increasing the likelihood of addiction. Additionally, factors such as brain chemistry, neurotransmitter imbalances, and the reward system can contribute to the development and maintenance of addiction.

A prime example of this is dopamine—the main neurotransmitter associated with addiction. Some people have naturally lower levels, having the effect of making dopamine-inducing drugs feel “extra good”. Some studies found that extra serotonin makes it harder to stop taking drugs. 

Neurological Influences

The neurological model of addiction focuses on the impact of brain function on addictive behaviors. Drugs and alcohol can affect the brain's reward system, leading to the release of dopamine.

Over time, the brain becomes conditioned to associate drug use with pleasure, leading to cravings and compulsive drug-seeking behaviors. This model highlights the importance of understanding the neurological changes that occur in addiction and how they contribute to the addiction cycle.

Learning Model of Addiction 

The learning model of addiction emphasizes the role of learning and conditioning in the development of addictive behaviors. According to this model, addiction is a learned behavior bolstered through positive reinforcement (e.g., the pleasurable effects of drugs) and negative reinforcement (e.g., relief from withdrawal symptoms). 

Environmental cues and social influences also play a significant role in shaping addictive behaviors. By understanding the principles of learning and conditioning, treatment approaches can focus on breaking the cycle of addiction and promoting healthier behaviors.

Conditioning

Conditioning is defined as “the process of training or accustoming a person or animal to behave in a certain way or to accept certain circumstances.” It can be a major contributing factor to addiction development. It comes in two main forms: classical and operant. 

If you’ve heard of Pavlov’s Dog, you’re probably familiar with the concept of classical conditioning. It means a specific stimulus triggers a specific response. 

A practical example of this in the formation of an addiction might look like you deciding to smoke every time you get in the car. Given enough time and repetition, the result is that you begin to crave cigarettes whenever you get in the car. 

Operant conditioning, refers to behaviors that are repeated and/or increased in frequency as a result of learned consequences. A person is likely to repeat a behavior when it:

• Seems to provide either a rewarding, positive outcome
• Allows for the avoidance or escape from negative consequences

A stereotypical example of this is when a person “feels good” when they drink, so they repeatedly drink to “feel good”. 

Social Model and Social Education Model of Addiction

Social factors can significantly influence the development and perpetuation of addiction. The social model of addiction recognizes the impact of social and environmental influences on addictive behaviors. It emphasizes the importance of socialization, peer pressure, family dynamics, and cultural norms in shaping substance use patterns. 

The social model describes the reality that many people will view a behavior as acceptable (or not) based on the social and cultural norms around them. Perhaps the best example of this is alcohol: countries where alcohol is illegal have fewer cases of alcoholism.

The social education model further expands on this perspective by highlighting the role of cognitive processes, modeling, and learned behaviors in addiction. By watching others use substances and observing the consequences, a person might conclude something like, “smoking is horrible for you,” or “smoking is cool.” 

Treatment interventions can help individuals overcome addiction by making a point to address social factors as well as provide education and support.

Psychodynamic Model of Addiction

The psychodynamic model of addiction explores the psychological and emotional factors that contribute to addiction. It focuses on unconscious conflicts, unresolved trauma, and underlying emotional issues that may drive addictive behaviors. 

This model suggests that addiction serves as a coping mechanism for individuals struggling with internal conflicts and emotional pain such as mental health disorders and low self-esteem. 

By addressing these psychodynamic influences through therapy and counseling, individuals can gain insight into their underlying issues and develop healthier coping mechanisms.

At Sequoia Behavioral Health, we understand that addiction is more often than not, accompanied by other mental health concerns. While it’s certainly not the only model we feel is valid, it helps us understand our clients better and tailor a client’s treatment to their unique needs. Learn more about Our Program

Moral Model of Addiction 

Historically, addiction was often viewed through a moral lens, attributing addiction to personal weakness or moral failings. The moral model of addiction suggests that addiction is the result of poor choices, lack of willpower, and an unwillingness to change. 

This perspective stigmatizes individuals with addiction and fails to recognize the complex nature of the disease. However, it is important to note that addiction is now widely recognized as a medical condition rather than a moral failing.

Temperance Model

The temperance model of addiction originated during the Temperance Movement in the 19th century. It promotes abstinence as the only alternative to addiction, viewing the addictive nature of drugs as the primary problem. 

This model emphasizes the need for strict control and avoidance of substances to prevent addiction. While abstinence is a valid approach for some individuals, it may not be feasible or appropriate for everyone. 

The temperance model has evolved over time, and modern treatment approaches now recognize that individualized approaches are essential for successful recovery.

We Understand Addiction is Complicated

It is important to recognize that addiction is a complex and nuanced issue that cannot be fully explained by a single model. Each model provides valuable insights into different aspects of addiction, but no model can capture the full complexity of the addiction cycle. 

Thus, treatment approaches should be comprehensive and tailored to individual needs, considering various factors such as biological, psychological, social, and environmental influences.

Addiction is a treatable condition, and with the right support and interventions, it can be conquered. If you or someone you know is struggling with addiction, reach out to us here at Sequoia Behavioral Health today. 

Our holistic health-focused program is designed to meet you where you are, uncover the sources of the substance abuse, and help you break free from the addiction cycle and lead a fulfilling life